Psychology

Psychology

Question 1.1

The nativist perspective argues that language improvement is an inherent act accruing from the child during the growth process as long as sufficient input for information processing is accorded. The interactionist view further develops the inherent factor in language development by asserting that the parents enhance the processing capability by breaking down words that are hard to the child for easier understanding and retention (Schacter, Gilbert & Wegner, 2009). The behaviorist approach argues that parental actions tend to act as an inhibitor or enhancer depending on the type of encouragement accorded to the child during the communication process. Positive motivation feels good to the child and he therefore strives to master the given word for parental praise. A child under the behaviorist perspective will therefore think that positive remarks equal good behavior with the inverse being true and consequently will apply the same rule to all other words in the communication process.

Question 1.2

            From a subjective position, language acts as a channel in which intangible thoughts are projected into the physical world. During the initial developing period, children tend to use incomprehensible phrases that they deem as being correct in expressing their desires. However, as children grow up and the learning process begins where the accurate words are linked to the right item, language then begins to nature the thinking practice (Schacter et al., 2009). This relational factor becomes a significant factor in a child’s life as the use of a given word tends to be connected with that specific item. For example, at a young stage, a child may resort to crying when faced with hunger as this acts as the language that the toddler comprehends but as they learn that the situation is referred to as hunger, then every time they are faced with the given occurrence, their thoughts will reflect the term hunger.

Question 2.1

            Intelligence scores should be kept secret as individuals possessing low scores tend to acquire a pessimistic attitude and low esteem by deeming others as smart and better placed than they are. This tends to destroy the affected individual. The ones having high scores, especially children tend to brag and jeer poor individuals inhibiting their development. IQ test have a high potential of being wrong if they fail to account for deviations that occur within a given age group (Schacter et al., 2009). A negative consequence of learning ones IQ is that it affects the level of confidence in a manner that is detrimental to development since it raises optimistic perceptions concerning self. A positive effect would be that one uses the scores as a challenge in achieving the full potential or beyond the posited level. IQ testing indicates the educational ability of an individual and therefore acts as a guide to educators in offering the best learning environment to ensure that a student enhances their performance aptitude.

Question 2.2

            Scholars have performed various forms of tests that have revealed that IQ has a direct relationship with consequential behavior that determines the prosperity of an individual with regard to various environments like school, work, physical wellbeing, affluence amongst other factors. A high correlation has been noted in the association that smart individuals in terms of IQ scores tend to acquire superior jobs, higher rates of remuneration and consequently wealth, and superior health by their financial ability to afford regular check-ups. The inverse of the relationship has been found true in individuals having low IQ, as they tend to have low academic performances, inferior jobs, monetary base and less health (Schacter et al., 2009). However, I disagree with the statement that IQ levels tend to hold a significant force on the level of accomplishments one has in life as this depends on many other factors like the economic and political situations.

Question 3.1

            I am a stable extrovert as evidenced by the fact that I love socializing a lot and making friends has never been a hard task. I attend a lot of parties and other social activities with friends. I have a tendency of being talkative and this at times has a negative effect on some individuals, as they believe I tend to overdo my conversations. I hate any activity that tends to be stressful and prefer easy, lively and cheerful tasks. I believe that my personality was majorly influenced by family events like celebrating birthday parties where as a tradition we would perform solo dancing sessions and through this is realized that loved dancing and social events. Interacting with various individuals in social events has helped me master an easy way of making new friends. The Rorschach Inkblot Test is administered in variably colored ink pictures with the respondent being required to discuss the shapes and consequently reflecting their inner perceptions and feelings (Schacter et al., 2009). The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) employs the use of printed cards in which the respondent is required to create a story in each of the pictures. Analyzing the responses on all cards gives the personality of the individual. I would prefer the TAT techniques in discovering my personality as well as that of others.

Question 3.2

            The social cognitive approach offers the best explanation with regard to my personality by its argument that an individual is shaped by the perceptions and reactions accruing from daily challenges and situations (Schacter et al., 2009). One assumption in this approach is that personality has to be measured in terms of consistency noted in a given situation at different times. This is to overcome the problem of coercion that may lead individuals in making wrong or compromising choices to avoid a given situation. Individual perceptions also tend to have a significant impact on the interaction process between a person and the rest of the society. What one person deems as a good action may not necessarily settle as so with another individual. Individual aspirations and prospects tend to be a reflection of one’s personality as they amplify the person’s perceptions to various situations.

Question 4.1

            The Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a form of anxiety condition, which marks unremitting episodes of unfocussed worries. If a client suffers form GAD, then the first indication would be a high level of anxiety that tends to have an adverse impact on their confidence and consequently an inability of expression and decision-making. Other symptoms that evidence the presence of GAD include short-temper, sleep interruptions, agitation, exhaustion, lack or inability to focus and muscle strains (Schacter et al., 2009). The additional symptoms would be very helpful in ascertaining whether the condition is GAD or another form of anxiety disorder, as some symptoms tend to be recurrent across all conditions in this category. If the client does not exhibit all the identified symptoms, then for GAD to be ascertained, at least three of the additional symptoms in addition to high anxiety have to be present, Lack of this would mandate further diagnosis until a concrete establishment is ascertained.

Question 4.2

            Lack of self-confidence in a person suffering from GAD inhibits proper decision making as plagued by the idea that the choice often made is wrong and eventually would lead to unsuccessful results (Schacter et al., 2009). However, it is okay to make wrong decisions as through these one acquires an experience that acts as a guide in future decision making but the inability to make a decision is not a healthy practice. Therefore, I would employ cognitive therapy to substitute warped and unhealthy thoughts about self with optimistic perspectives necessitated in the enhancement of self-confidence. The mindfulness meditation procedure would ensure that the patient is able to identify pessimistic thoughts and methods in which to overcome the situation. As the client repeatedly employs the technique in situations warranting change, healthy behaviors and perceptions are created. I would combine this form of therapy with anti-anxiety prescriptions that would inhibit the harmful effect of neurons in the production of anxiety and consequently ensure that the client acquire serenity.

 

 

 

 

 

References

Schacter, D.L., Gilbert, D.T., Wegner, D.M. (2009). Psychology. New York, NY: Worth Publishers.