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Halting the Spread of Desertification in Africa

Feridun, Mete, Folorunso Ayadi and Jean Balouga. “Impact of Trade Liberalization on the Environment in Developing Countries: The Case of Nigeria.” Journal of Developing Societies 22.1 (2006): 39-56. Print. The publication focuses on outlining the adverse effects that trade liberalization has accorded to developing nations, with a higher bias on the nation of Nigeria. The main factors discussed concern ecological pollution and resource exhaustion as a result of enhanced economic progression, as evidenced by the level of the GDP and amount of land under agricultural activities.

Geist, Helmut. The causes and progression of desertification. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2005. Print. The book is documented in a research manner that employs one hundred and thirty two regions in a bid to determine the various origins of desertification. Additionally, factors that lead to a progression of the same are also outlined. The information is helpful as it accords secondary information required to grasp a clearer comprehension on the topic of desertification.

Johnson, Pierre-Marc, Karel Mayrand, Marc Paquin, Canadian International Development Agency and Unisfera International Centre. Governing global desertification: linking environmental degradation, poverty and participation. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2006. Print. The publication draws a succinct association between poverty and the issue of land dilapidation as noted in at least one hundred nations of the world. The pattern has been prevalent in rural regions due to the agricultural setting and this has acted as the economic link between desertification and the need for economic development.

Kutting, Gabriela. “Globalization, Poverty and the Environment in West Africa: Too Poor to Pollute?” Global Environment Politics 3.4 (2006): 42-60. Print. The journal reviews the high reliance of cotton farming in West African nations and the creation of economic development through enhanced levels of exports. Expansion approaches as necessitating land expansions have thereby led to the progression of land dilapidation and thereby desertification. The poverty function is also discussed with connection to economic needs and the role it has accorded into the expansion of deserts and infertile agricultural lands due to ecological degradation.

Mayrand, Karel, Marc Paquin and Stephanie Dionne. From Boom to Dust? Agricultural trade liberalization, poverty, and desertification in rural drylands: The role of UNCCD. Unisfera International Centre, April 2005. Web. 16 May 2011. <www.wto.org/english/forums_e/ngo_e/posp46_unisfera_e.pdf>. Two of the main Millennium Development Goals as set by the United Nations are the eradication of poverty and ecological preservation. Developing nations rely on agriculture as the main economic mainstay and with the thriving amount of poverty, the same have accorded high efforts in trade expansion towards enhancing individual and national wellbeing. As agricultural lands spread at a high level, desertification because of poor skills has also been noted.

Sundaram, Jomo, and Rudiger Arnim. Economic liberalization and constraints to development in Sub-Saharan Africa. DESA Working Paper No. 67, September 2008. Web. 16 May 2011. < http://www.jomoks.org/research/pdf/Economic_Liberalization.pdf >. The periodical offers a statistical analysis majoring on the Sub-Saharan region of Africa due to mining activities and the unfavorable effect it has on the environment. The authors have traced the trend to the period 1980s following trade liberalization in according economic progression. With the demand level having been amplified, the suppliers have also expanded their activities and thereby leading to higher ecological dilapidation.

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. Combating desertification in Africa. 24 Jan. 2008. Web. 16 May 2011. <http://www.unccd.int/publicinfo/factsheets/showFS.php?number=11>. The African continent has the highest level of desertification in the world with sixty-seven percent of the land regions being termed as deserts or as extremely parched and thereby unable to support agricultural activities. This has led to increased levels of relocations with the affected populaces streaming into the remaining regions and thereby resulting in overcrowding and subsequently resource dilapidation. As the overcrowding factor continues to thrive within the region, the amount of land degradation being experienced is worrying as noted by the momentum accorded to the extension of desertification.

United Nations. Facts About Least Developed Countries (LDCs). UN Office of the High Representative of the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States, 2009. Web. 16 May 2011. <http://www.un.org/ohrlls>. Africa has the highest number of developing nations, amounting to thirty-three nations, followed by Asia with fifteen and one nation in Latin America. The publication offers useful information in terms of poverty levels, investment patterns, foreign aid, global trade and economic progression amongst other measures. These statistics are quite valuable in the analysis of desertification spread as a consequence of the globalization aspect.

Viciani, Franco, Kostas Stamoulis and Alberto Zezza. Summary of Results of the Survey. FAO Corporate Document Repository, 2011. Web. 16 May 2011. <http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/X9808e/x9808e03.htm>. The article centers on the agricultural sector and the outcomes of heightened international trade on the economy and environment. Various nations, especially under the developing category have been used within the survey for the provision of a concise conclusion. Credibility has also been enhanced in the study by the use of secondary sources as additional support to the report.

World Trade Organization. Trade Liberalization Statistics. 2011. Web. 16 May 2011. <http://www.gatt.org/trastat_e.html>. The article has blended statistics from various credible institutions like the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, United Nations Children’s Fund and Corp Watch to provide trading patterns in the globe. Measures used include poverty, inequitable trade, economic progression, liberalization policies like Trade-Related Intellectual Property Agreement and General Agreement on Trade and Services to analyze the consequences of each on the economy.

Works Cited

Geist, Helmut. The causes and progression of desertification. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2005. Print.

Kutting, Gabriela. “Globalization, Poverty and the Environment in West Africa: Too Poor to Pollute?” Global Environment Politics 3.4 (2006): 42-60. Print.

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. Combating desertification in Africa. 24 Jan. 2008. Web. 16 May 2011. <http://www.unccd.int/publicinfo/factsheets/showFS.php?number=11>.

World Trade Organization. Trade Liberalization Statistics. 2011. Web. 16 May 2011. <http://www.gatt.org/trastat_e.html>.

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